Top 10k strings from Horizons (1982)(Sinclair Research)(16k)[a].tap in <root> / bin / z80 / software / Sinclair Spectrum Collection TOSEC.exe / Sinclair ZX Spectrum - Utilities & Educational / Sinclair ZX Spectrum - Utilities & Educational - [TAP] (TOSEC-v2007-01-01) /
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8 d$="ENTER": 7 d$="STOP THE TAPE": 7 d$="START THE TAPE": 7 d$="PSION 6 22c1For use with microdrive etc. 5 d$="or any other key to continue": 5 ;" ": 4 sidea 4 mcode T 4 d$=f$(j,i) 4 d$="sinclair": 4 d$="ZXSpectrum": 4 d$="You pressed "+d$: 4 d$="WRONG!": 4 d$="TEST": 4 d$="SERIES": 4 d$="Press y to run again": 4 d$="Press the flashing key or keys": 4 d$="Press STOP to exit": 4 d$="Press "+ 4 d$="O.K.": 4 d$="KEYBOARD TRAINER": 4 d$="CURRENT": 4 d$=" ": 4 ch+" to continue": 4 ^-+= :`?/*,. " 4 ;"VOLUME SET CORRECTLY"; 4 ;"TRY AGAIN": 4 ;"PLEASE WAIT": 4 ;" to continue": 4 ;" ": 4 ;" "; 4 +"zxcvbnm " 4 )="1234567890qwertyuiopasdfghjkl"+ 4 )="!@#$%&'()_ 3 p$="STOP THE TAPE": 3 d$="PSION 3 d$="It should have been "+d$: 3 ;"00000000000000000000000000000000"; 2 p$="START THE TAPE": 2 p$="PSION 2 mcode + 2 logo 2 height is even 2 f=f+f*d1*(1 2 d$="STOP THE TAPE" 2 d$="Press any key to continue": 2 d$="Press any key to continue" 2 d$="MAKE": 2 d$="Enter "+d$: 2 d$="CAPS/SYMBOL SHIFT": 2 d$="CAPS SHIFT-"+ 2 c , 2 ;f$(j,i);" "; 2 ;"Press any key": 2 ;"PRESS ANY KEY": 2 -j)*den+0.5 2 +"QWERTYUIOPASDFGHJKL ZXCVBNM"+ 2 )="1234567890QWERTYUIOPASDFGHJKL ZXCVBNM " 2 ((x-a)*(x-a)+(y-b)*(y-b)) 2 "montecarlo" 2 "hardware" 2 "evolution" 2 "dictionary" 2 "character" 2 "bubblesort" 2 , 1 waves 1 wallg 1 wall 1 the 1st loop 1 t(tot)=t(tot)+1 1 t(tot)=140 1 t(tot)=135 1 t(tot)/sf+8 1 t$="284567" 1 t , the rabbit population increases by 1 single wave plot 1 sideb 1 sidea x 1 set up screen 1 set up example 1 set up display 1 set up dice colours 1 set attr for shift move 1 scale time for plotting 1 s$="qijclbCB" 1 s$(f)=s$(f+1 1 rescale rabbit axes 1 rescale fox axes 1 rainbow 1 r=r+tau*r*(1 1 r=(ar - brf) 1 r$+i,r(i+1 1 r and foxes by 1 pause=pause*50 1 paper;paper; 1 p$=p$+f$(n): 1 p$="TYPE OF KEYWORD: Function": 1 p$="TYPE OF KEYWORD: Command": 1 p$="TURN TAPE OVER": 1 p$="THRO' THE WALL": 1 p$="SCORE": 1 p$="REWIND & START": 1 p$="Press y to play again": 1 p$="Press n to exit": 1 p$="Press any key": 1 p$="Press any key to continue": 1 p$="PSION 1 p$="KEYWORD": 1 p$="END OF SIDE A": 1 p$="Do you want to paint this? (y/n)": 1 p$="DRAW": 1 p$="DICTIONARY":: 1 p$="CHAPTER "+f$(s 1 p$="CAPS SHIFT-6 TO STOP": 1 p$="+ AND X IN LINE - TRY AGAIN": 1 p$=" CIRCLE WILL GO OFF THE SCREEN ": 1 p$=" Press any key to continue ": 1 p$=" PRESS I FOR INSTRUCTIONS " 1 p$=" What colour? (0-7) ": 1 p$=" NO MORE ROOM ": 1 p$=" TRY AGAIN ": 1 p$=" ": 1 p H 1 p , 1 p 1 n=card-s*13 1 n$(f)=n$(f+1 1 move cursor and set up 1 montecarlo| 1 m$(q)*0.76 1 m , 1 life 1 lesson4 L 1 lesson3 1 lesson2 1 lesson1 1 k$="4567": 1 k$="0123": 1 j=b*a(n*x-256 1 j=(j+a*a(m*x-256 1 hardware 1 file 1 f=(cf - df/r) 1 evolution 1 e$="You can read from and write to RAM (this program is in RAM) butthe contents of RAM are lost when the power is switched off.": 1 e$="You can attach other peripherals(e.g. a printer) besides the standard ones in this diagram using the edge connector.": 1 e$="This program will introduce the Spectrum hardware. We will startfrom the inside with the parts that form the microcomputer.": 1 e$="The most complex (yet cheapest) component is the microprocessor or CPU (Central Processing Unit)The CPU in the Spectrum is a Z80": 1 e$="The interface between the CPU and the peripherals is complex but is handled by a single ULA -a custom-designed chip.": 1 e$="The cassette recorder is an input and output device which is not for communication but forstorage of programs and data.": 1 e$="The TV & loudspeaker are output devices which the Spectrum uses to pass information to you. The loudspeaker is playing now.": 1 e$="The Spectrum 'talks' to you via the TV and you talk to or input information to the Spectrum using the keyboard.": 1 e$="The ROM contains fixed programs and data which allows the Spectrum to start working as soon as it is switched on.": 1 e$="The CPU is of little use withoutmemory and the Spectrum has two kinds: ROM (Read Only Memory) and RAM (Random Access Memory).": 1 e$="In order for the computer to do useful work it must communicate with the outside world through peripheral devices.": 1 e$="Do you want to run this program again? Press Y or N for Yes or No.": 1 e$="Because it is vital that you know how to use the keyboard there follows a series of programs to ensure just that.": 1 draw clock 1 draw 1 dictionaryT 1 d$="set up, then press q to commence": 1 d$="and then press any key": 1 d$="You should have pressed "+d$: 1 d$="WAVES": 1 d$="Use arrow keys and CAPS SHIFT to": 1 d$="Too many foxes-foxes starve ": 1 d$="There are now lots of foxes ": 1 d$="The cycle repeats every 6 years": 1 d$="The Spectrum Hardware": 1 d$="THE E CURSOR": 1 d$="SYMBOL SHIFT": 1 d$="SORT": 1 d$="Rabbit population decreases ": 1 d$="RABBITS": 1 d$="Press any key": 1 d$="Press any key to stop": 1 d$="Press S to stop.": 1 d$="PSION 1 d$="PRESS "+d$: 1 d$="PRESS "+ 1 d$="Many rabbits-food for foxes ": 1 d$="MONTE CARLO" 1 d$="MODES": 1 d$="MODE CONTROL": 1 d$="Loading waves": 1 d$="Loading lesson1": 1 d$="Loading draw": 1 d$="LESSON TWO": 1 d$="LESSON THREE": 1 d$="LESSON ONE": 1 d$="LESSON FOUR": 1 d$="KEYWORDS": 1 d$="GENERATOR": 1 d$="Foxes are now short of food ": 1 d$="Fox population grows ": 1 d$="Few foxes-rabbit colony grows": 1 d$="FOXES": 1 d$="Enter & Press": 1 d$="ENTER" 1 d$="ENTER "+k$: 1 d$="END OF SIDE B": 1 d$="DO NOT PRESS BREAK!": 1 d$="Check that the mode is correct": 1 d$="CONTENTS": 1 d$="CHARACTER": 1 d$="BUBBLE": 1 d$="BEATING OF": 1 d$=" START THE TAPE ": 1 d$=" Press y to run again ": 1 d$=" Loading dictionary ": 1 d$=" Loading lesson4 ": 1 d$=" Loading lesson3 ": 1 d$=" Loading lesson2 ": 1 d$=" ": 1 d 1 character e 1 char 1 c$="KLCEG": 1 c$(f)=c$(f+1 1 bubblesort 1 bits 1 Update high res chart 1 Update chart 1 Screen coords from x,y 1 Save on tape 1 STOP THE TAPE 1 Put r(8) into usr r$ 1 Poll keyboard for cursor control keys 1 Plot theoretical graph 1 Pick up character 1 I$(j)=card 1 I$(g)<I$(g+1 1 I$(f)>I$(f+1 1 I$(f)=I$(f+1 1 Display user graphics 1 Design character 1 Clear lower screen 1 Change x,y as a function of c 1 ?????????????????? 1 ?????????>>>>?>?>???????? 1 ???????>8>8>8>>8>8>8>8>??????? 1 ?????88>>>>>>>>>8>>>>8>>>88???????888>>>>>>>>>>>8>>>>>>>>>>888??8888>8>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>888888888>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>888888888>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>8888888>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>888888>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>8888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( 1 ;'"CURSOR": 1 ;"rabbits" 1 ;"press any key to start": 1 ;"cursor jump "; 1 ;"arrow keys 5,6,7 or 8"'' 1 ;"and the initial number of foxes is": 1 ;"a,b,c,d are constants" 1 ;"You do not have to run through the whole of side A or side B inorder to run a particular program." 1 ;"While pressing key H and CAPS SHIFT together...": 1 ;"We will first concentrate on thewhite keywords which are on the keys." 1 ;"WAVE 2"; 1 ;"WAVE 1"; 1 ;"Use CAPS SHIFT to produce upper case characters...": 1 ;"Two waves may be added together to form a third,more complex wave."''"If the frequencies of the two waves are fairly close,then a low frequency effect will occur,known as beating.This is most prominent when the amplitudes ofthe two waves are also close." 1 ;"These keywords are the most commonly used and always appear at the beginning of a statement or after the keyword THEN." 1 ;"The upper (green) symbol is accessed unless SYMBOL SHIFT is pressed when the lower (red) symbol is produced.": 1 ;"The red keywords and symbols on the keys are produced by pressing the appropriate key andSYMBOL SHIFT together" 1 ;"The program will add two waves of your choice,emphasising the beat frequency in red (if it finds one!)." 1 ;"The next test will ask you to enter a sequence of characters (or string)." 1 ;"The letters and numbers on the Spectrum are laid out in the same way as a typewriter." 1 ;"The interpretation of a key is not only affected by the shift keys but also by the present mode - as indicated by the cursor. There are 5 modes:" 1 ;"The following test will continuead infinitum unless you exit by pressing STOP (SYMBOL SHIFT & A)Try pressing STOP now." 1 ;"The flashing words on and aroundthe I key are keywords belongingto the Spectrum BASIC language." 1 ;"The current cursor is shown above. Press the keys that make the current cursor the same as that which appears in this space": 1 ;"THIS PROGRAM IS INTENDED AS A GUIDE TO THE KEYWORDS USED BY THE SPECTRUM BASIC";''';"IT PROVIDES A BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF EACH KEYWORD AS YOU ENTER IT"''' 1 ;"THE TAPE PRESS ANY KEY TO CONTINUE": 1 ;"Swap?-yes": 1 ;"Swap?-yes (6>3)": 1 ;"Swap?-no (6<8)": 1 ;"Sorted - press y to run again"'"or any other key to continue." 1 ;"STOP THE TAPE": 1 ;"Remember - you must make the 1 ;"Rabbits increase by birth 1 ;"Rabbits are killed by foxes 1 ;"RABBITS": 1 ;"Pressing BREAK stops the programYou can restart by entering RUN (press r followed by ENTER).": 1 ;"Press any key" 1 ;"Press any key for the Spectrum to solve this problem in time": 1 ;"Pass ";e: 1 ;"PRESS ANY KEY TO START" 1 ;"PRESS ANY KEY TO CONTINUE" 1 ;"Over time 1 ;"Observed" 1 ;"O.K. - start the tape "'"Loading evolution ": 1 ;"O.K. START THE TAPE ": 1 ;"Normally the 1 ;"More about the flashing parts in the following lessons. In this lesson,we will concentrate on letters and numbers." 1 ;"Lesson 1: Typewriter mode" 1 ;"In the following test, assume that the Spectrum is expecting aBASIC keyword": 1 ;"However, you will notice that there is much else on and aroundthe keys which makes this keyboard more complicated and powerful than a typewriter keyboard." 1 ;"Get ready to move......."''" p to move right"''" o to move left"''" CAPS SHIFT for extra zip" 1 ;"Foxes increase by birth 1 ;"Foxes die from starvation 1 ;"Expected" 1 ;"Every word or command in the Spectrum BASIC is entered by pressing the correct key or keysfor that command and NOT by spelling the command out." 1 ;"Enter your own initial conditions to study the problem" 1 ;"Enter number of spaces for"; 1 ;"E.g., pressing just key H...": 1 ;"DO YOU WANT TO TRY AGAIN (Y/N)?": 1 ;"Compare 8&2": 1 ;"Compare 6&8": 1 ;"Compare 6&3": 1 ;"An example now follows in which a hand of cards is sorted in time by the Spectrum."''"To speed up the sorting hold down any key." 1 ;"After the 1st pass the largest number has ""bubbled"" to the end."'"Another 2 passes would complete the sort - producing 2,3,6,8." 1 ;"AN EXAMPLE OF THE SOLUTION OF DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS": 1 ;"= 2400": 1 ;"2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12": 1 ;"0000000000"; 1 ;") and foxes (number ": 1 ;"(Press y to continue or n to stop )" 1 ;" RESULTS" 1 ;" A SORTING ALGORITHM APPLIED TO A HAND OF CARDS" 1 ;" This is a BASIC program It illustrates how you can program your own real time games on the SPECTRUM using simple BASIC" 1 ;" ...gives upper case "; 1 ;" ...gives lower case "; 1 ;" ": 1 ;" ": 1 ;" ": 1 ;" ": 1 ;" " 1 ;" ": 1 ;" 1 ;" 1 8888888888888888888888888888888888888888::::::::::::::::888888888888::::::222222222222:::::888888::::2222222444444442222222:::88::2222444444444444444444442222::2224444,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,4444222444,,,,,)))))))))))))))),,,,44444,,,)))))) 1 7.Character Generator 1 6.Monte Carlo 1 3.Evolution 1 24c1Clears all variables in memory 1 23f2Same as PEEK, for input-output'ports 1 23c2Same as POKE, used with input-'output ports 1 21c2As with PRINT, but uses'ZX printer instead of screen 1 21c2As with LIST, but uses'ZX printer instead of screen 1 21c1Copies the screen to the printer 1 20f3SCREEN$ (l,c) gives character'at line l, column c, of screen'Also used with SAVE etc. 1 20f3SAVE <name> LINE n: will GO TO n'after LOAD has completed'Also used with INPUT Ch.15 1 20c3Used to check that'a program on tape will LOAD'successfully 1 20c3Loads program without deleting'existing one (except for line'numbers which overlap) 1 20c3Loads program from cassette'and clears existing programs'and variables 1 20c2Stores program and variables'on cassette 1 2.Bubblesort 1 19c1Sounds the loudspeaker 1 18f3Reads keyboard and gives'character produced by key'currently being pressed 1 18c2Halts program for specified time'(pressing a key resumes) 1 17f3POINT (x,y) tells whether pixel'at x,y is ink or paper colour'(0 = paper, 1 = ink) 1 17c2PLOT x,y sets pixel at x,y'to ink colour 1 17c2Draws straight or curved lines'from current position 1 17c2CIRCLE x,y,r draws a circle with'centre x,y and radius r 1 16f3ATTR (l,c) gives attribute byte'(FLASH, BRIGHT, PAPER & INK)'at line l, column c 1 16c3Sets paper colour on screen'Can also be used inside other'statements, as in PRINT PAPER n 1 16c3Sets ink colour on screen'Can also be used inside other'statements, as in PRINT INK n 1 16c3Determines whether characters on'screen will flash or be steady'Use in the same way as INK 1 16c3Determines whether characters on'screen will be bright or normal'Use in the same way as INK 1 16c2Controls overprinting of'screen characters 1 16c2Controls inverse or normal video'of screen characters 1 16c1Sets border colour 1 15n3AT l,c sets PRINT and INPUT'position to line l,column c'of screen 1 15n2TAB c moves PRINT or INPUT'position to column c 1 15c2Allows data to be entered into'a variable from the keyboard 1 14f3USR "a" gives start address of'user defined graphic a'Also used for machine-code Ch.17 1 14f3CODE s gives the code of the'first character of string s'Also used with SAVE etc. 1 14f2Used to express numbers'in binary form 1 14f2Gives the contents of a single'byte of memory 1 14f2CHR$ n gives character whose'code is n 1 14c2POKE a,n sets value of byte at'address a to value n 1 13n2Used in IF statements to reverse'true and false 1 13n2Logical "or", usually used'in IF statements 1 13n2Logical "and", usually used'in IF statements 1 12c1Sets the dimension of an array 1 11f2Generates pseudo-random number'between 0 and 1 1 11c3Sets RND to start at a specified'place in its sequence'of random numbers 1 10f3The ratio of circumference'of a circle to its diameter'(=3.1415927 approx.) 1 10f2Trigonometric tan function'Argument in radians 1 10f2Trigonometric sine function'Argument in radians 1 10f2Trigonometric cosine function'Argument in radians 1 10f1Trigonometric arctan function 1 10f1Trigonometric arcsine function 1 10f1Trigonometric arccos function 1 10f1Raises argument to power of e 1 10f1Natural logarithm to base e 1 1.Thro' The Wall 1 00000000055000 1 00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000044444444444444440000///////0000000000000000000000000/?????/0000000000000000000000000(?????/0000000000000000000000000/?????/0000 1 000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 1 000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 1 000000//555000000000000000000000000000//550000000000000000000000000000000550000 1 000///////0000 1 ,x;"Letter (lower case)"; 1 ,x;"Keyword expected"; 1 ,x;"Graphics characters" 1 ,x;"Extended (off the keys)"; 1 ,x;"Capital (upper case letter)"; 1 ,,,,,," Press any key to continue ": 1 ,,,,,," MONTE CARLO" 1 ,,,," This program uses the RND " 1 ,," Press any key to continue-": 1 ,," The board is divided up into " 1 ,," Each generation the number (n) of neighbours a cell has decides whether life will begin (n=3), survive (n=2 or 3),or die (n<2 or n>3)." 1 ,," RULES" 1 ,," It runs in two stages, " 1 ,," LIFE" 1 *r)+1000000 1 *paper+ink 1 )=" 1 )+" OF MANUAL": 1 ))))),,,,4,)))) 1 (w*(t+x)))) 1 (r*r-n*n)*2 1 (n-m)>(n+m) 1 ((00000000000000 1 '''"This is the 1st of 4 lessons which are designed to teach the fundamentals of the Spectrum keyboard.": 1 '''"Press any key to continue.": 1 ''"Pressing the same combination again resets to the 1 ''"Press any key to continue" 1 ''"Enter a to u" 1 '"When you are asked to 'press' a character or keyword, you shouldnot press ENTER after pressing the required key.": 1 '"This range includes serious business-type applications and games (both intellectual and not so intellectual)." 1 '"The word 'enter' will always imply that you should terminate the character or characters by pressing the key ENTER." 1 '"The programs on this cassette are largely written in BASIC to illustrate some of the things you can do." 1 '"The objective is to place the list in ascending order from left to right." 1 '"The following page illustrates asingle pass of this algorithm applied to a very simple list consisting of 4 numbers." 1 '"The Spectrum uses this property to decide whether to interpret a letter key press as that letter or as the keyword on thatkey." 1 '"The Algorithm:"'"Pass over the list comparing neighbouring items and swap themif they are out of order. Repeatthese passes until the list is ordered." 1 '"Substantial machine-code programs from Sinclair by Psion will allow you to apply the Spectrum to its full capability." 1 '"Lesson 4: Extended mode" 1 '"Lesson 3: The cursor mode" 1 '"Lesson 2: Single Entry Keywords" 1 '"LOAD ""pname""";''"where pname is the program name." 1 '"For more details, see chapter 14of the Spectrum manual."''"Press any key to continue": 1 '"Enter a to u"''"or just press ENTER to skip." 1 '"E.g."'"a - to save character A bk - to save characters B to K" 1 '"CONTENTS FILE NAME"' 1 '"All the programs on this tape may be loaded individually by positioning the recorder before the required program (or just rewinding the appropriate side) and entering:" 1 '" Q gets you out of the program"'''' 1 '" L draws a line from + to X"''" C draws a circle with centre + passing through X" 1 '" B draws a box with + and X at diagonally opposite corners + and X must not be in line vertically or horizontally"''' 1 '" + is moved by pressing the"; 1 "would you like an example ?(y/n)"; 1 "want to try again? (y/n) "; 1 "frequency of wave 2?(4 1 "frequency of wave 1?(4 1 "amplitude of wave 2?(0 1 "amplitude of wave 1? (0 1 "Which user-defined character do you wish to pick up?" 1 "Use the arrow keys with or without CAPS SHIFT to move the flashing cursor about the grid." 1 "This is a program to aid the generation of user defined graphics characters."''"These characters have character codes from 144 to 164 inclusive and are normally entered by pressing keys a to u in graphicsmode."''"Characters generated by this routine can be saved on your owntape to be used at a later date by other programs, or to be modified by this program." 1 "There are 2 crosswires (+ and X) which can be moved around the screen and are used to define various figures"'' 1 "The following figures are drawn by pressing the keys indicated:"'' 1 "The cursor square is filled-in when CAPS SHIFT is pressed and is cleared otherwise." 1 "The crosswires move one pixel at a time but you can change this by pressing J and entering the number of pixels the crosswires will jump at a time" 1 "S to save characters on tape" 1 "Q to quit this program" 1 "Press Q to quit this stage." 1 "P to pick up a character" 1 "In which user-defined graphic character do you want this pattern entered?" 1 "HORIZONS is an introductory cassette written by Psion for Sinclair." 1 "HORIZONS SIDE B"': 1 "Enter the file name of the code to be saved" 1 "Enter the character or characterrange that you wish to save" 1 "Enter starting number of rabbits (r between 4000 and 7000) "; 1 "Enter starting number of foxes (f between 100 and 400) "; 1 "Enter q to load the next programor just press ENTER to repeat "; 1 "Enter colour (0-7) for paper "; 1 "Enter colour (0-7) for ink "; 1 "C to clear grid and start again" 1 "BUBBLE SORT - A simple algorithmfor ordering a list of items." 1 "A to alter the pattern" 1 " when positioning a being." 1 " values (shown in green)" 1 " to stop." 1 " the initial behaviour and then" 1 " the cursor direction keys," 1 " square has 8 neighbours, and" 1 " resulting probability" 1 " pressing the shift key as well" 1 " ones (shown in black)." 1 " on a larger scale to " 1 " of two dice, and displays the" 1 " function to simulate the fall" 1 " firstly on a small scale for" 1 " distribution on a bar chart." 1 " demonstrate how the observed" 1 " can be either alive or dead." 1 " approach (slowly) the expected" 1 " a square grid. Each unit " 1 " R to reinitialise and S" 1 " Press Q to start life, " 1 " 5 - 8 to move the cursor," 1 " generations in seconds ? "; 1 " X by pressing SHIFT-5,6,7 or 8"''' 1 " To set up initial beings use" 1 " The solution depends on the initial conditions . In the example that follows the initialnumber of rabbits is" 1 " Simply enter the keyword of your choice as you would in BASIC, using extended mode in the normal way" 1 " Imagine a land area populated by two species say rabbits (number " 1 " Delay between" 1 " Being colour 0 - 7 ? "; 1 " Background colour ? "; 1 " ----" 1 " ": 1 " Mathematical equations of considerable subtlety can be solved on the Spectrum. An example of this is differential equations which describe the evolution of a system in time. Examples include problems in physics,chemistry,electronics, meteorology,etc. Foxes and rabbits is a classic example of equations of this kind applied to an ecological problem. Press any key": 1 cursor is used to produce the graphics symbols on keys 1-8and for user defined graphics." 1 cursor is used to access the keywords and symbols which are above and below the keys" 1 cursor is active unless the Spectrum is expectinga keyword when the 1 cursor is active. The remaining 3 modes orcursors can be set by pressing the following key pairs:" 1 THE TAPE ": 1 CAPS SHIFT & SYMBOL SHIFT"''" 1 CAPS SHIFT & 9 (GRAPHICS)" 1 CAPS SHIFT & 2 (CAPS LOCK)"''" 1 9f2Strips quotes from string,'evaluates as a string 1 9f2Strips quotes from string and'evaluates as an expression 1 9f2STR$ n gives string that would'appear if n were PRINTed 1 9f2SGN n =1 if n>0, 0 if n=0 and'-1 if n<0 1 9f2Gives integer part of numerical'argument (always rounds down) 1 9f2Calls user-defined function'(see DEF FN) 1 9f1Gives square root of argument 1 9f1Gives length of string 1 9f1ABS n gives positive value of n 1 9c3Allows you to define'your own functions'(see FN) 1 6c3Sets up a list of data items'for READ command'Also used with SAVE etc. 1 6c3RESTORE n will reset pointer for'next READ to first DATA item'after line number n 1 6c2READ v assigns to variable v'the next item in a DATA command 1 5c3GO SUB n causes a jump to line n'When a RETURN is found, program'returns to command after GO SUB 1 5c2Defines end of subroutine'(see GOSUB) 1 4n3Sets the amount added to the'counting variable after each'loop in FOR-NEXT loops 1 4n3Separates initial value & limit'in FOR-NEXT loops and string'slicing (Chap.12) 1 4c1Last command in FOR-NEXT loop 1 4c1First command in FOR-NEXT loop 1 3n2Must always follow the condition'in an IF statement 1 3n2"Not equal to"'Mainly used in IF statements 1 3n2"Less than or equal to"'Mainly used in IF statements 1 3n2"Greater than or equal to"'Mainly used in IF statements 1 3c2Used with THEN'to execute code conditionally 1 3c1Clears the screen 1 2c2RUN n clears all variables and'executes program from line n 1 2c2LIST n displays program listing'on screen from line number n 1 2c2GO TO n causes program to jump'to line number n 1 2c2For comments: anything after it'is ignored until next line 1 2c2Erases all programs'and variables 1 2c2Continues program after error'from line where error occurred 1 2c1Used to display items on screen 1 2c1Stops the program 1 2c1Assigns a value to a variable 1 cursor current before you can access the symbols which are above and below the keys.": 1 character"''" 1 Press any key to continue 1 montecarlo"''" 1 bubblesort"''" 1 wall"''" 1 evolution"''" 1 " 1 waves"' 1 life"' 1 draw"''" 1 1